Chemical Analysis of Manuka Honey

Chemical Analysis of Manuka Honey CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Â  Manuka honey Manuka honey is a monofloral honey delivered from the Manuka bush Leptospermum scoparium, has long been known as a food and beverage. Study also suggested that manuka honey has ameliorative properties in wound healing, fungal infections, ophthalmic disorders, diabetes, gastrointestinal tract disorders, skin ulcers and infectors (Medhi et al, 2008). Bees foraging and gather nectar from the manuka bush, create a outstanding and unique honey with high level of antibacterial properties, which termed as non-peroxide antibacterial (NPA) activity (Allen, Molan, Reid, 1991). These antibacterial activity are normally rate in Unique Manuka Factor, UMF. It is used to measure the capacity of the honey to destroy the harmful virus, microorganism and bacteria. The level of UMF is equivalent to the level of non-peroxide activity. These non-peroxide antibacterial activity is largely attributable to the presence of unusually high concentration of methylglyoxal(MGO) in manuka honey. Methylglyoxal(MGO) is a naturally occurring bioactive compound forming from a chemical conversion dihydroxyacetone(DHA), which found in high concentration in the nectar of manuka flowers (Adams, Manley-Harris, Molan, 2009). 2.2Â  Enzyme activity in honey 2.2.1Â  Diastase Diastase is any group of enzymes added by bees during honey production, facilitating the conversion of starch into maltose. It means any ÃŽ ±-, ÃŽ ²-, or ÃŽ ³-amylase (all of them hydrolases) that help to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars. -amylase function to catalyze the degradation of starch into a complex of the disaccharide maltose, the trisaccharide maltotriose and oligosaccharides known as dextrins, contribute to the losing of viscosity (Nikola Sakac, Milan Sak-Bosnar, 2012). On the other hand, ÃŽ ²-amylase catalyze the splitting of the second ÃŽ ±-1,4 glycosidic bond from the ends of the starch chain and formed reducing sugar maltose (Laid et al., 2008). Diastase is widely recognized as important parameter for evaluating the quality and freshness of honey, due to its high sensitivity towards heat. The changing behavior of diastase activity makes it an uncertain parameter to investigate if honey has been undergoes heating (Subramanian et al., 2007 ; Gui, Nuray Sahin ier Aziz, 2005; Fallico et al., 2004). Diastase activity is calculated as diastase number (DN) in Schade units and is defined as one diastase unit corresponds to the enzyme activity of 1 g of honey, which can hydrolyse 0.01g of starch in 1h at 40Ã ¢-Â ¦C. In bakery factory, honey was used to mix with starch containing food ingredients. It was found out that the high diastase activity in honey may contribute to a poor bread texture, therefore, the honey was mainly controlled in a low Diastase values. A major use of diastase is controlling the quality of honey. The EU(European Union) Honey Directive pointed out that a honey must meet the following standard or requirement for Schade units, before it is ready to market for human consumption,: In general more or equal to 8 schade untis (except bakers honey); Honeys with low natural enzyme content (e.g. citrus honeys) and an hydroxymethylfurfural HMF content of not more than 15 mg/kg: more or equal to 3 schade units. (M. L. Science, 2014. ; Bogdanov, S., Martin, P., 2002) 2.3Â  Diastase activity of different honey source Diastase is naturally occurring in honey, its amount depends upon floral origin and geographic area. Fresh honey samples contained diastase activity ranged from 11.2 to 45.5 DN, while for commercial samples; it ranged from 10.9 to 17.8DN only. Among fresh honeys, lowest values were found in blossom honeys(from 11.24 to 30.3DN), compound honeys they ranged from 15.9 to 40.3DN. Honeydew honeys contained the highest value of diastase enzyme (from 13.6 to 45.4DN) (L. Vorlova, A. Pridal, 2002). Fresh Honeys Diastase content, DN Blossom honey 11.24 30.30 Compound honey 15.90 40.30 Honeydew Honey 13.60- 45.40 Table 2.1 : Fresh honeys with their respective diastase content. Honey Honey type Diastase number,DN (schade units) Reference Rape honey Monofloral 23.09 Â ± 3.00 (Balkanska, R., Ignatova, M., 2013) Coriander honey Monofloral 15.02 Â ± 1.46 (Balkanska, R., Ignatova, M., 2013) Clover honey Monofloral 5.73-17.3 (Babacan, 2001). Buckwheat honey Monofloral 36.8 (Babacan, 2001). Starfruit honey Monofloral 4.00 Subramanian et al. 2007 Honeydew honey 18.0-23.2 (Kowalski et al., 2012) Forest honey Monofloral 21.8 (Kowalski et al., 2012) Aegean honey Monofloral 15.5 (Kowalski et al., 2012) Sunflower honey Monofloral 20.37 Â ± 3.82 (Elif et al., 2012) Multifloral 26.0 (Saric et al., 2008) Multifloral 38.5 Â ± 3.5 (Samborska, K., Czelejewska, M., 2012) Table 2.2 : Diastase number of different type of honeys 2.4Â  Thermal treatment on honey Honey are highly concentrated solution of glucose and sucrose converted from the sucrose in nectar by invertase. A freshly extracted honey is liquid in form. However, long storage time of honey may reduced its quality by crystallization. Losing of homogeneity, changing of its appearance to waxy and opaque, and a two phases solution of crystalline and liquid can be found coexistence together in honey indicated that a honey was crystallized (Kowalski et al., 2012). Crystallization of honey may created difficulty to us in handling and pouring. In the worst case, when water activity is higher than its original value, part of the water release from solid phase and increase the moisture level in liquid phase. This may greatly enable the development of the present microbial floral (Tosi et al., 2008). Moreover, fermentation can be happen and produce acetic acid as a result of osmophilic flora action on glucose and fructose, releasing gaseous of carbon dioxide, formation of foam, and ethanol, which, aiding with the present oxygen (Tosi et al., 2008). Honey processing is provided to prolong the storage time of honey in liquid phase, including liquefaction, filtering, heating under specific range of temperature, bottling, cooling and storage. Among this, thermal treatment is the important step to keep the honey in liquid state by reducing its viscosity, preventing recrystallization and destroying of micro-organisms which will contaminate honey (Tosi et al., 2008; Turhan et al., 2008). A temperature of 40-50oC or lesser is recommended to avoid heat damage of sensitive substances (Castro-Vasquez et al., 2008). 2.4.1Â  Transient heating stages During transient heating, all molecules whose free energy exceeds the energy barrier undergo a complete and irreversible denaturation, according to the theory of Eyring. Treated substances may undergoes rising of temperature from initial value to a desired temperature (Tosi et al., 2004). The decrease in the diastase activity related to an increase in temperature (Tosi et al., 2008). 2.4.2Â  Isothermal heating stages During isothermal heating, samples maintain at a fix temperature; for example, 60, 70, 80 and 90 Â °C, the number of activated molecules which could exceed the energetic barrier of the transition stage was low. All samples showed a decrease of the diastase activity at short heating times but increased when temperature increase. According result, temperature between 90 to 100 caused the irreversible of honey diastase (Tosi et al., 2008) 2.5Â  Effect of thermal treatment Any thermal processing of honey may contribute to product quality degeneration. Uncontrolled heating of honey may modify the essential composition of honey, destroy thermolabile honey components, influences the parameter such as enzymatic activity and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content; for example, diastase activity in honey was reduced and the level of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content was increased. (Biago et al., 2004). Increasing of storage time or temperature can have a significant effect on the chemical composition and oganoleptic characteristics of honeys (Castro-Vasquez et al., 2008). Heat labile compounds may destroyed after excessive heat treatment and honey flavor was changed as a result of producing volatile compound by Maillard reaction (Wootton et al., 1978). 2.6 Variation of diastase activity(diastase number) of honey after heating Diastase activity is sensitive to temperature and storage condition, so it is use as an indicator of freshness and controls during processing of the honey (Gui, 2005). When honey was added to the starch matrix, starch thinning and significant viscosity loss occurred after 4 hour. However, zero amylase activity and no change in viscosity when honey was heat to 76oC for 21 hour before adding to starch (Babacan, 2001). According to a study lead by Katarzyna and Monika (2012), they found out that fresh multifloral honey has diastase activity of 39.5DN while fresh rape honey has 17.9DN without any heating process. Upon heat treatment on 50Â °C and 70Â °C, the diastase activity of multifloral honey dropped to 10.9DN and 8.3 DN after 120min. Raising the heating temperature to 90Â °C resulted in significant decrease of DN to 6.5 after 30 minutes heating. In the case of rape honey, it has 17.9DN when it is fresh without any heating. After 120 minute of heating at 50Â °C, the diastase number has decreased to 10.9. At 70Â °C, the diastase value (5DN) after 120 minutes was lower than the standard. Raising the temperature of heat treatment to 90Â °C, the diastase number had dropped below minimun level after 15minutes (Katarzyna S., Monika C., 2012) The relative reduction of diastase activity in fresh multifloral honey was higher than that in monofloral honey. In the study carried out by Katarzyna and Monika (2012), a closer diastase activity values were recorded after 120 min of treatment at 50 and 70C in both honeys. However, the multifloral honey contained twice higher the initial diastase value than the rape honey(monofloral honey), so the relative reduction of diastase number in multifloral honey was higher. Diastase activity of multifloral honey after 120 min at 50C was 28.3% of the initial value, while for rape honey, it was 60.9% (Katarzyna S., Monika C., 2012) From the study carried out by Babacan(2001), he pointed out that amylase(diastase) has heat resistance, but amylase activity was reduced by heat treatment at 85oC. According to his result, it showed that amylase activity decreased slightly when honey heat to 63oC as compare to honey under heat treatment on 85oC. More amylase activity is losing when exposure time to heat(85oC) is increased, left with dark brown honey with burnt odor. In one study of heat treatment onto polyfloral honey, the result showed that ratio of diastase activity loss is 7.9% at 50Â °C, 15.3% at 80Â °C and 48.29% at 100Â °C after first 30 minutes heating(Anca et al., 2011) In another way, it can be said that the diastase enzyme activity contain in honey can control using heat treatment. Increasing of temperature may results in lower diastase number of honey (Babacan, 2001) On the other hand, some research are carried out to investigate the optimum temperature and storage time to have the least diminution of diastase in honey. For example, diastase activity of citrus Honey decrease after storage for 12 months especially at 40 oC. Diastase activity had decreased 2.3 units in citrus Honey samples stored at 10 oC, with respects to fresh samples. While for the citrus honey that stored at 20 oC for a year had a diminution of 4 diastase units (Castro-Vasquez et al., 2008). In addition, a honey storing at 20 Â ± 5 oC for one year had a small reduction in diastase activity for about 27% (Yilmaz H., Kufrevioglu I., 2001). According to this study, back then in year 1986, a similar study was carried out and researcher Thrasyvoulou(1986) has found out that 20 of his honey samples stored for one year at 25 oC has a 40% decrease in their diastase activity. Later in year 1992, Sancho et al. (1992) recorded a 33% decrease of diastase activity on 115 samples stored at 15-25 oC for one year (Yilmaz H., Kufrevioglu I., 2001).

Individually Unified :: essays papers

Individually Unified We are Americans! We can customize our cars, homes, and even our lives. How did we become such individualists? During the late 1500’s, the Chinese government had several chances of becoming a vast world power and instilling their sense of loyalty and unity as a country. Since China believed that they were a self-sufficient entity, they were content to leave things as they were and saw no point in exploring the unknown. The Europeans on the other hand were forced to explore new worlds due to the lack of trading ability and natural resources. Thanks to Christopher Columbus and others that followed, their exploration and conquering of the New World made it possible for Europeans to expand and populate. However, the new findings also made it possible to spread their selfish nature and greedy culture that is passed off today as people being â€Å"individuals†. In 1492 Christopher Columbus started on his voyage to find what he thought would be a faster route to the West Indies, but in actuality stumbled upon small islands that we now call the Bahamas. When he left on his voyage, his intent was to find and take the riches that the West Indies had to offer but to his disappointment these things that were intended to pay for his voyage did not exist. â€Å"Clearly, Columbus had reason to worry that his voyage would be viewed as a failure. He had not found the gold mines he sought or the Asian cities described by Marco Polo. He thought he had discovered many spices, though only the chili peppers were new.† (Worlds of History, p.19) When Columbus realized that he had not found the riches he was expected to bring home to the Spanish king and queen, he knew that it was very important to make sure that he portrayed his journey in a pleasing light when he wrote to them (as to not make himself look like a failure). When reading the first hand account of Columbus’s voyage, it is in many ways hard to believe that what Columbus was saying was actually the truth. In no way did he talk about his voyage in a negative manner. He talks about how the Indians treated him and his crews like kings. Instead of making himself look like a failure, I feel that he made himself and the Europeans in general look like very greedy people.

Neighbourhood watch research study

Aim of study: Lethbridge, a small suburb has implemented a small neighborhood watch program. The study aims at examining the impact of the program on volumes of complaints about victimization, fear of crime, and deviant behavior or unsociable acts such as graffiti or disorderly behavior that cause annoyance in the local neighborhood Scope of Research study: The research study on Neighborhood watch will proceed along the following steps. Prompt attention to problems of the study. Personal contact with community leaders and police executives involved in study Data collection by survey, observation, inspection and examination Informal interviews with local residents Drafting questionnaire and schedules Pre-testing questionnaires and schedules Examination of results of pre-tests to detect and eliminate inconsistencies Drafting revised final questionnaires Outlining field interviews Analyzing collected data Drafting of final report Source of research design: This research design has been inspired by the Design used by Samuel Stouffer in his studies of the American Soldier. It is a routine design, which is at once practical for applied research as well as rigorous to scientific prescription. Progress of research- The problem under research was identified- whether the Neighborhood watch program has led to a decline in complaints of victimization and fear of crime, unsocial acts and suspicious behavior that may cause annoyance or alarm to the local residents. A systematic analysis of the problems involved study of crime figures and public perceptions of the sense of security before and after commencement of the program, evaluating the extent and application of community mobilization and sensitization, checking of documentation relating to actual implementation, assessment of the quality of collaboration among local residents and the integration of the beat police into the program. Neighborhood watch being one of the acknowledged strategies in community policing, the study would also consider if crime prevention and other objectives of the program could have been better achieved if neighborhood watch was combined with other strategies commonly adopted in the community policing paradigm. To make the study academically meaningful and empirically sound, community leaders and beat officers were interviewed to elicit important information like public perception of the sense of security in the local neighborhood and to collect figures of reported crime as well as victimization before and after program, extent of community participation, nature of crime prevention strategies such as target hardening by means of physical measures as well as by community mobilization to promote social cohesion, the employment of other location specific tactics if any etc Collection of Data on the fear of crime including a) complaints on crime, suspicious activities reported, deviant behavior b) Any Increase/decrease in complaints over a period d) No of people enrolled neighborhood watch scheme e) Partnerships with other resident associations Informal interview with people concerned- Interview with citizens will unfold information on the motivation, efficacy and success of the Neighborhood watch program. Particular emphasis on whether collaborative efforts to promote safety in the neighborhood has lead also to a sense of ownership of the neighborhood by all individual residents and the creation of a community of interests despite the heterogeneous nature of the community.   Also how community mobilization and cooperative crime prevention efforts promote social cohesion, which in turn brings about understanding local problems that ultimately lead to crime. A Questionnaire and Schedule can be designed and distributed in each target home. It will contain questions on fear of crime, the level of security enjoyed by them, on their awareness of psychological or other criminogenic factors that contribute to crime, deviance or antisocial tendencies among the young, shared values on the objectives and methodology of community crime prevention, perceptions on problems that confront the Neighboutrhood Watch program, any areas that need reform and community evaluation of the success of the program A pre-testing drive of questionnaires and schedules can be undertaken. The results of the Pretest can be examined and scrutinized to check for inconsistencies or errors. A thoroughly revised and final questionnaire can be devised and distributed. Results of field interviews may be outlined. Collected Data maybe analyzed. A final report is presented. The results should indicate positive impact of Neighborhood watch programs on reducing crime and the fear of crime in this area. Theoretical background of the Study: a) Effective crime prevention is achieved not by policing alone, but through the cooperative effort of the community based on a mature understanding of the causative factors of crime. The community in this context is the local neighborhood that has a commonality of interests in prevention of crime and in enhancing the sense of security of all local residents. If the community is properly mobilized and educated, it can evolve joint and collaborative strategies that can break the crime triangle- the victim, the offender and the location- at a suitable point. Neighborhood watch is one such strategy. b) The Study assumes that the best way to enlist Community collaboration in reducing crime is through two means-1) Physical Means- This is called as Target Hardening in which each home is assessed for its vulnerability to victimization and measures are designed to deter the offender from gaining easy access to the potential victim. This can be most effectively attempted at the stage of planning construction and if this has not been possible, then through suitable modification of existing structure. Target hardening can be more effective if, in addition to physical restructuring, the immediate neighbors undertake to keep a watch on the potential victim’s premises and access points in order to detect and report any suspicious activity to the police promptly. c) The Study further proceeds on the less obvious assumption hat that target hardening through physical measures can be most effectively supplemented by eliminating alienation and anonymity in the local neighborhood by means of community mobilization and social cohesion. This is because when local residents come together in a spirit of fraternity and mutual support, they are able to see more clearly criminogenic factors, whether on account of deviation or neighborhood decline and disorder. It is then possible to identify local problems of petty annoyance or disorderly behavior that when neglected ultimately lead to crime and to devise effective strategies to find suitable solutions through a process of constant consultation and consensus. d) The Study also assumes that today the idea gaining currency is that prevention of crime-especially crime involving neighborhoods is a responsibility that must be shared by the Police as well as the citizens in a spirit of partnership. The police has traditionally promoted the idea that they are exclusively responsible for crime control and that the community has no role whatever in the matter. The community on its part seldom understands or appreciates that factors that cause crime such as poverty or psychological aberration is beyond the capacity of the police to control. As a result crime prevention strategies in the past placed too much reliance on the police agency as crime fighters. Sociological research and field experiments conducted in the USA during the 1970s clearly brought out the fact that an increase in police presence hardly ever led to a decline in crime; stringent enforcement at best led to displacement. On the other hand, foot patrol, which brought the police and the community closer, did in fact have a positive impact in reducing crime and the fear of crime in the community. Neighborhood watch as an effective crime prevention strategy evolved from the important realization that the police alone cannot solve the problems of crime and disorder and that the community is the best resource for controlling crime. The community policing philosophy that has changed the profile of policing in many democratic countries has emerged from this realization of the role of community participation in policing efforts and its partnership with the police in identifying local problems that lead to crime and in devising effective solutions for local problems. e) The Study also takes note of the fact that field experiments conducted in many States and cities in the USA demonstrate that not only police effectiveness in controlling crime is enhanced by community policing strategies such as neighborhood watch, they also help the police to earn legitimacy from the community, that is qualitatively different from legitimacy accorded by law alone. The police also therefore stand to gain such strategies of crime prevention undertaken in partnership with the community. Findings and recommendations:   For crime control society has traditionally relied on formal police organizations and their time-honored practices of deterrence such as random patrol, fast response, strong armed enforcement represented by terms such as zero tolerance and investigation and prosecution of offenders. But police ineffectiveness and police inadequacy in dealing with crime have been sufficiently well documented. Community policing that has replaced the traditional enforcement style of policing is based on the assumption that the police need to develop positive relations with the community, involve the community in the quest for crime control and crime prevention and further pool their resources with those of the community to address the most pressing concerns of its members. The police strategy is adapted to fit the needs of particular neighborhoods and neighborhood watch happens to be one that suits most communities, once they have been properly mobilized and educated. The Study has been based on the assumptions of the community policing paradigm and has relied upon the responses of members of the community which is the local neighborhood in this case and empirical data collected through official police sources to develop a reliable understanding of the impact of neighborhood watch on important concerns of the community such as crime and the fear of crime and victimization, neighborhood decline and disorder and the lack of social cohesion that results from a fear of crime and distrust of others. Though the program alone will not be capable of eliminating crime and disorder entirely by itself, the Study amply demonstrates that in combination with other strategies of community policing it can go a long way in reducing crime and the fear of crime and additionally bring about greater social cohesion. The Study however shows that there are certain minimum conditions for mobilizing a local neighborhood for effective participation and collaboration in crime prevention work. First of all, people must understand the need to cooperate is vital from the point of common security. People must also come to believe that there are solutions to the problems of insecurity that they confront each day and solutions must be such that they can comprehend. People must also be able to develop faith in the efficacy of the new method. These are conditions that are not easy to fulfill, but if the proper police leadership takes up the challenge of mobilizing and educating the community, it should not be too difficult a task as several experiments have shown in many parts of the world. Neighborhood watch is moreover a very visible and demonstrable strategy that can earn trust and credibility if it is properly managed. The Study therefore shows that neighborhood watch is a program full of potential and promise if motivated leadership of the police and the local community initiates it REFERENCES- 1.Bucqueroux and Trojanowicz 1990 â€Å"Community Policing- A contemporary perspective† Anderson publishing Co. Cincinnati. 2. Bayley, David H.1998   â€Å" What works in Policing† Oxford University Press 3.FriedMann, Robert.R 1992   â€Å"Community Policing† Harvester wheat Sheaf. 4. Goldstein H.1977 â€Å" Policing a Free society â€Å" Ballinger publishing. 5. Manning K.1978† Policing- A view from the Street†- Goodyear Publishing co. 6.Rosenbaum Dennis P.1994 â€Å" The Challenge of community Policing† Sage.                        

The Tempest By William Shakespeare - 1620 Words

The Tempest, a play written by William Shakespeare, involves various aspects of power demonstrated through a flip of the hierarchy of power. Antonio, Prospero’s brother, who took Prospero’s dukeship out of a thirst for power is on a ship which Prospero has caused to wreck with a storm, on the island where he and his daughter live. This is part of Prospero’s plan to have Miranda become the next heir of Naples by marrying Alonso’s son, Ferdinand, King of Naples. In Act Two, Antonio and Sebastian, Alonso’s brother, believe everyone else not with them has died in the shipwreck and conspire to kill Gonzalo, a lord, as well as Alonso to make Sebastian the next heir of Naples. Throughout Act Three, Caliban, a slave of Prospero, sets up a plan to†¦show more content†¦He also calls Miranda ignorant, for not knowing more of who they are, in these few lines. This section of dialogue lets us know Prospero wants more for his daughter who knows little of their life. Prospero then goes into beginning to tell Miranda about their lives, saying she now must know who her father is (1.2.33). In the exchange of these couple of lines we get the impression that Miranda believes whatever her father, Prospero, says is all there is to know and that Prospero has been uninformative with Miranda about their lives. Before going more in-depth with the story of their past, Prospero asks Miranda if she can remember a time before the island and then answers before giving her a chance to respond (1.2.39-40). This lets us know that Prospero controls conversations between him and Miranda. Miranda’s personality is already beginning to change some during Prospero’s story, she asks her father to continue talking about their past though it may be painful for him to go on. Another aspect of the story that reoccurs is Prospero asks multiple times if Miranda is paying attention, therefore appearing desperate for attention. Though his story is ups etting Miranda, he asks her to continue listening to what he is saying, implying that he doesn’t mind seeing her upset nor does she mind him seeing her cry (1.2.135). By the end of the story however, Prospero never directly answers Miranda’sShow MoreRelatedThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1603 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s play, The Tempest, power is manifested in several forms: the investigation of the power of love, the power of magic and illusion, or the power of nature. However, in The Tempest, power is most clearly defined as dominance. Throughout the play, there is a universal pursuit of dominance over other people, dominance over property, or dominance over cultural ideals. These pursuits of dominance are used in an attempt to further ones authority, and, ultimately, one’s life. In The Tempest, a motif ofRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1705 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Mr. Nath 5 December 2014 The Tempest Written between 1610 and 1611, The Tempest by William Shakespeare is the final play penned by the famous Bard. The play portrays the illusory struggle of power and conscience through the character of Prospero and his egocentric motives. Politically, the play can be seen as an analysis of important political issues relevant to that of oppression and imperialistic tendencies of the time. Artistically, The Tempest emphasizes the nature of art, more prominentlyRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1351 Words   |  6 Pagescritique rank’s Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’ as one of the most preeminent and descriptive plays addressing the role of colonial power and conquest in literature. One of Shakespeare’s last plays, ‘The Tempest’ explores the direct parallel between the working proletariats and wealthy bourgeois. Therefore the focuses of this paper are the implications of hegemony and class alienation, the commoditization of human subc lasses, and the commonalities with â€Å"The Tempest† and Shakespeare’s life. The analysisRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe greatest playwright of English literature was William Shakespeare. His final play that he wrote alone was The Tempest, the story of how the former Duke of Milan, Prospero, returned to power after being exiled on an island for twelve years. While reading The Tempest, it is hard not to notice the ambivalence of the character of Prospero. Consequently, the character’s motivation and subsequent characteristics are solely defined by the reader. Typically, Prospero is seen as driven by either revengeRead MoreThe Tempest by William Shakespeare1042 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeare uses the events of the plot to present a theme of how a lust for power can drive actions. 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Change affects theRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare2017 Words   |  9 PagesThe Tempest is one of Shakespeare’s most well-known plays, and as such, has been examined in many different ways by many different people. In the world of literature, there are a few different distinct styles of review that are used to examine works of literature, these are called schools of critique or critical lenses. All of these schools serve a purpose in examining different themes in a work depending on the work, and the tempest is no exception. The Tempest has many sub themes in the story